what does it mean to stand for the national anthem

National canticle of the U.s.

"The Star-Spangled Banner"

The earliest surviving sheet music of "The Star-Spangled Imprint", from 1814
National canticle of the United States
Lyrics	Francis Scott Central, 1814
Music	John Stafford Smith, c.  1773
Adopted	March 3, 1931 (1931-03-03) [1]
Audio sample
"The Star-Spangled Banner" (choral with ring accompaniment, i stanza) file help

"The Star-Spangled Imprint" is the national anthem of the The states. The lyrics come up from the "Defence of Fort Chiliad'Henry",^[2] a poem written on September 14, 1814, past 35-yr-erstwhile lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Fundamental after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired past the large U.S. flag, with 15 stars and xv stripes, known equally the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the U.S. victory.

The poem was gear up to the tune of a popular British vocal written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Lodge, a men's social club in London. "To Anacreon in Heaven" (or "The Anacreontic Song"), with various lyrics, was already popular in the Us. This setting, renamed "The Star-Spangled Imprint", soon became a well-known U.Due south. patriotic song. With a range of xix semitones, it is known for existence very difficult to sing. Although the poem has iv stanzas, just the first is commonly sung today.

"The Star-Spangled Banner" was recognized for official apply by the United states of america Navy in 1889, and past U.S. president Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem past a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 United states of americaC. § 301), which was signed by President Herbert Hoover.

Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of U.Southward. officialdom. "Hail, Columbia" served this purpose at official functions for about of the 19th century. "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", whose melody is identical to "God Salvage the Queen", the United kingdom's national anthem,^[3] besides served as a de facto national canticle.^[iv] Following the War of 1812 and subsequent U.South. wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them "America the Beautiful", which itself was being considered before 1931 as a candidate to become the national anthem of the United States.^[5]

Early history

Francis Scott Primal's lyrics

On September 3, 1814, following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria, Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner ready sail from Baltimore aboard the send HMSMinden, a cartel ship flight a flag of truce on a mission approved past President James Madison. Their objective was to secure an commutation of prisoners, one of whom was William Beanes, the elderly and popular boondocks dr. of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key who had been captured in his home. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMSTonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans. At beginning, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes merely relented later on Cardinal and Skinner showed them letters written past wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment.^{[ citation needed ]}

Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the set on on Baltimore, they were held convict until after the battle, first aboard HMSSurprise and later back on HMS Minden. After the battery, sure British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the w of information technology, but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington, the urban center'southward last line of defense.^{[ commendation needed ]}

An creative person'southward rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry

During the rainy dark, Primal had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort'due south smaller "storm flag" continued to fly, merely in one case the shell and Congreve rocket^[6] avalanche had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. On the morning of September xiv, the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised.^{[ commendation needed ]}

During the bombardment, HMSTerror and HMS Meteor provided some of the "bombs bursting in air".^{[ citation needed ]}

Key was inspired past the U.South. victory and the sight of the large U.South. flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had been made past Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore'south Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known every bit the Star-Spangled Banner, and is today on display in the National Museum of American History, a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution. Information technology was restored in 1914 past Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation plan.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Aboard the ship the adjacent day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter of the alphabet he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September sixteen, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He completed the verse form at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it "Defence of Fort M'Henry". Information technology was first published nationally in The Analectic Magazine.^{[7] [eight]}

Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from an earlier song by Key, also ready to the tune of "The Anacreontic Song". The song, known equally "When the Warrior Returns",^[9] was written in award of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War.^[10]

Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Central prior to his expiry in 1843, some take speculated more recently almost the pregnant of phrases or verses, peculiarly the phrase "the hireling and slave" from the third stanza. According to British historian Robin Blackburn, the phrase allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organized as the Corps of Colonial Marines, who had been liberated by the British and demanded to exist placed in the battle line "where they might expect to encounter their one-time masters."^[xi] Marking Clague, a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan, argues that the "heart 2 verses of Key'due south lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812" and "in no fashion glorifies or celebrates slavery."^[12] Clague writes that "For Fundamental ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection."^[12] This harshly anti-British nature of Poetry three led to its omission in canvas music in Earth State of war I, when the British and the U.S. were allies.^[12] Responding to the assertion of author Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a "celebration of slavery",^[xiii] Clague argues that the American forces at the boxing consisted of a mixed group of White Americans and African Americans, and that "the term "freemen," whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza, would have encompassed both."^[14]

Others advise that "Key may have intended the phrase every bit a reference to the Royal Navy's practice of impressment which had been a major factor in the outbreak of the war, or equally a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole (which included a large number of mercenaries)."^[15]

John Stafford Smith's music

Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody "The Anacreontic Vocal", by English composer John Stafford Smith. This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society, an 18th-century gentlemen's gild of amateur musicians in London. Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17; of these, two known copies survive.^{[ commendation needed ]}

On September 20, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the vocal, with the note "Tune: Anacreon in Heaven". The vocal rapidly became popular, with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing information technology. Soon afterwards, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title "The Star Spangled Imprint", although it was originally called "Defense force of Fort M'Henry". Thomas Carr's organization introduced the raised fourth which became the standard departure from "The Anacreontic Song".^[16] The song's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore player Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley's tavern. Washington Irving, then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia, reprinted the vocal in Nov 1814.^{[ citation needed ]}

Past the early on 20th century, there were various versions of the song in popular use. Seeking a singular, standard version, President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version. In response, the Agency enlisted the assist of five musicians to concord upon an system. Those musicians were Walter Damrosch, Will Earhart, Arnold J. Gantvoort, Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa. The standardized version that was voted upon past these v musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December v, 1917, in a program that included Edward Elgar'due south Carillon and Gabriel Pierné's The Children's Crusade. The concert was put on by the Oratorio Social club of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch.^[17] An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men'southward votes tallied, measure past measure.^[eighteen]

National anthem

One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the "Defence force of Fort Thou'Henry", a poem that later became the lyrics of "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States.

The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events, such every bit Independence 24-hour interval celebrations.

A plaque displayed at Fort Meade, South Dakota, claims that the idea of making "The Star Spangled Banner" the national anthem began on their parade basis in 1892. Colonel Caleb Carlton, post commander, established the tradition that the song be played "at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts." Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of Southward Dakota who "promised me that he would endeavor to have the custom established amongst the state militia." Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion, Secretary of War Daniel S. Lamont issued an order that it "exist played at every Army post every evening at retreat."^[19]

In 1899, the U.Southward. Navy officially adopted "The Star-Spangled Banner".^[20] In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that "The Star-Spangled Banner" be played at military^[20] and other appropriate occasions. The playing of the song two years afterwards during the seventh-inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 Earth Series, and thereafter during each game of the series is oftentimes cited equally the first case that the anthem was played at a baseball game game,^[21] though bear witness shows that the "Star-Spangled Banner" was performed equally early as 1897 at opening 24-hour interval ceremonies in Philadelphia and and so more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City outset in 1898. In any case, the tradition of performing the national canticle before every baseball game began in World War Two.^[22]

On April ten, 1918, John Charles Linthicum, U.Due south. congressman from Maryland, introduced a neb to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" equally the national anthem.^[23] The bill did not laissez passer.^[23] On April fifteen, 1929, Linthicum introduced the bill again, his 6th time doing and so.^[23] On November 3, 1929, Robert Ripley drew a console in his syndicated cartoon, Ripley's Believe it or Not!, saying "Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem".^[24]

In 1930, Veterans of Strange Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" every bit the national anthem.^[25] 5 million people signed the petition.^[25] The petition was presented to the United states of america House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31, 1930.^[26] On the same day, Elsie Jorss-Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the vocal to the committee to abnegate the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing.^[27] The commission voted in favor of sending the bill to the Firm floor for a vote.^[28] The House of Representatives passed the neb later that year.^[29] The Senate passed the bill on March 3, 1931.^[29] President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4, 1931, officially adopting "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem of the U.s..^[ane] As currently codified, the United States Code states that "[t]he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem."^[thirty] Although all four stanzas of the poem officially compose the National Anthem, only the starting time stanza is more often than not sung, the other three being much bottom known.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the fourth verse, Key's 1814 published version of the poem is written every bit, "And this exist our motto-"In God is our trust!""^[8] In 1956 when 'In God We Trust' was under consideration to be adopted as the national motto of the United States past the Us Congress, the words of the quaternary poesy of The Star Spangled Banner were brought upwardly in arguments supporting adoption of the motto.^[31]

Modern history

Performances

Oversupply performing the U.South. national canticle before a baseball game at Coors Field

The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range – a twelfth. Humorist Richard Armour referred to the vocal's difficulty in his volume It All Started With Columbus:

In an endeavour to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were presently bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all information technology was a moment of keen historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Off Central [sic] wrote "The Star-Spangled Imprint", and when, by the dawn's early light, the British heard information technology sung, they fled in terror.^[32]

Professional and amateur singers take been known to forget the words, which is one reason the vocal is sometimes pre-recorded and lip-synced. Pop vocalizer Christina Aguilera performed wrong lyrics to the vocal prior to Super Bowl XLV, replacing the song'southward 4th line, "o'er the ramparts we watched were and so gallantly streaming", with an alteration of the 2d line, "what so proudly we watched at the twilight'southward final gleaming".^[33] Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer(due south) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it. The pre-recording of the canticle has become standard practice at some ballparks, such as Boston's Fenway Park, according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project.^[34]

"The Star-Spangled Banner" has been performed regularly at the beginning of NFL games since the end of WWII by gild of NFL commissioner Elmer Layden.^[35] The song has as well been intermittently performed at baseball games since after WWI. The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and U.South. national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries (with the "away" anthem being performed first).^{[36] [ improve source needed ]} It is too usual for both U.S. and Canadian anthems (done in the same mode as the NHL and MLS) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors (respectively), the only Canadian teams in those two major U.Southward. sports leagues, and in All Star Games on the MLB, NBA, and NHL. The Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League, which play in a urban center on the Canada–US border and accept a substantial Canadian fan base, play both anthems earlier all domicile games regardless of where the visiting team is based.^[37]

Ii especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate backwash of the United states September xi attacks. On September 12, 2001, Elizabeth II, the Queen of the United Kingdom, bankrupt with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace, London, at the ceremonial Irresolute of the Guard, as a gesture of support for Britain'southward marry.^[38] The following twenty-four hour period at a St. Paul'south Cathedral memorial service, the Queen joined in the singing of the canticle, an unprecedented occurrence.^[39]

During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, the anthem was sung by protesters demonstrating exterior the U.S. consulate-general in an appeal to the U.S. authorities to help them with their cause.^{[xl] [41] [42]}

200th ceremony celebrations

The 200th ceremony of the "Star-Spangled Banner" occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the Usa. A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10–xvi in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Barack Obama on Defender'south Day, September 12, 2014, at Fort McHenry.^[43] In addition, the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration^[44] including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written past Noah Altshuler.

Adaptations

The commencement popular music performance of the canticle heard by the mainstream U.South. was past Puerto Rican vocalizer and guitarist José Feliciano. He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow, blues-style rendition of the song^[45] at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game 5 of the 1968 World Series, betwixt Detroit and St. Louis.^[46] This rendition started gimmicky "Star-Spangled Banner" controversies. The response from many in the Vietnam War-era U.S. was generally negative. Despite the controversy, Feliciano'south performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the "Star-Spangled Banner" heard in the years since.^[47] One week after Feliciano's operation, the anthem was in the news again when U.S. athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the "Star-Spangled Banner" played at a medal ceremony. Rock guitarist Jimi Hendrix often included a solo instrumental performance at concerts from 1968 to his death in 1970. Using loftier gain and distortion amplification effects and the vibrato arm on his guitar, Hendrix was able to simulate the sounds of rockets and bombs at the points when the lyrics are normally heard.^[48] 1 such performance at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 was a highlight of event's 1970 documentary film, becoming "function of the sixties Zeitgeist".^[48] When asked about negative reactions to his "unorthodox" treatment of the canticle, Hendrix, who served briefly in the U.Southward. Army, responded "I'm American so I played it... Unorthodox? I thought it was beautiful, but at that place you go."^[49]

Marvin Gaye gave a soul-influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (forth with José Feliciano, the only times the national canticle has been on the Billboard Hot 100).^{[ commendation needed ]} Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game game at Jack Irish potato Stadium on July 25, 1990. The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the vocal, and afterward, she mocked ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective loving cup. The performance offended some, including the sitting U.S. president, George H. W. Bush.^[l] Steven Tyler also acquired some controversy in 2001 (at the Indianapolis 500, to which he later issued a public apology) and again in 2012 (at the AFC Championship Game) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics.^[51] In 2016, Aretha Franklin performed a rendition before the nationally-televised Minnesota Vikings-Detroit Lions Thanksgiving 24-hour interval game lasting more than four minutes and featuring a host of improvisations. It was 1 of Franklin'south terminal public appearances before her 2018 death.^[52] Black Eyed Peas singer Fergie gave a controversial performance of the canticle in 2018. Critics likened her rendition to a jazzy "sexed-upward" version of the canticle, which was considered highly inappropriate, with her performance compared to that of Marilyn Monroe's iconic operation of Happy Birthday, Mr. President. Fergie later apologized for her performance of the song, stating that ''I'one thousand a take chances taker artistically, simply clearly this rendition didn't strike the intended tone".^[53]

In March 2005, a government-sponsored program, the National Anthem Project, was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the canticle.^[54]

Lyrics

O say can you run across, by the dawn'due south early lite,
What so proudly nosotros hailed at the twilight'south last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and vivid stars through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rocket'due south red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was however there;
O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the costless and the home of the brave?

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, one-half conceals, one-half discloses?
At present it catches the gleam of the morning time's get-go beam,
In full celebrity reflected now shines in the stream:
'Tis the star-spangled imprint, O long may information technology wave
O'er the land of the free and the abode of the brave.

And where is that ring who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the boxing's confusion,
A domicile and a country, should leave us no more?
Their claret has done out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled imprint in triumph doth wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

O thus exist it ever, when freemen shall stand
Betwixt their loved homes and the war'due south desolation.
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'northward rescued state
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our crusade it is just,
And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.'
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the dwelling house of the brave!^[55]

Cover of canvas music for "The Star-Spangled Banner", transcribed for piano by Ch. Voss, Philadelphia: 1000. Andre & Co., 1862

Additional Civil State of war period lyrics

Xviii years after Key'due south death, and in indignation over the start of the American Civil War, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.^[56] added a 5th stanza to the vocal in 1861, which appeared in songbooks of the era.^[57]

When our land is illumined with Liberty's smile,
If a foe from within strike a blow at her celebrity,
Down, downwards with the traitor that dares to defile
The flag of her stars and the page of her story!
By the millions unchained, who our birthright have gained,
We will go along her bright blazon forever unstained!
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
While the land of the gratuitous is the abode of the dauntless.

Culling lyrics

In a version mitt-written by Francis Scott Key in 1840, the third line reads: "Whose bright stars and broad stripes, through the clouds of the fight".^[58] In laurels of the 1986 rededication of the Statue of Liberty, Sandi Patty wrote her version of an additional verse to the anthem.^[59]

References in film, telly, literature

Several films take their titles taken from the song'south lyrics. These include 2 films titled Dawn'due south Early Lite (2000^[sixty] and 2005);^[61] two made-for-TV features titled By Dawn's Early Low-cal (1990^[62] and 2000);^[63] two films titled And then Proudly Nosotros Hail (1943^[64] and 1990);^[65] a feature film (1977)^[66] and a short (2005)^[67] titled Twilight's Last Gleaming; and 4 films titled Home of the Brave (1949,^[68] 1986,^[69] 2004,^[70] and 2006).^[71] A 1936 short titled The Vocal of a Nation from Warner Bros. Pictures shows a version of the origin of the song.^[72] The title of Isaac Asimov'southward brusque story No Refuge Could Save is a reference to the song's third verse, and the obscurity of this verse is a major plot betoken.^[73]

Community and federal law

Plaque detailing how the custom of continuing during the U.S. national anthem came about in Tacoma, Washington, on October eighteen, 1893, in the Bostwick building

When the U.Southward. national anthem was start recognized by law in 1931, there was no prescription equally to beliefs during its playing. On June 22, 1942, the law was revised indicating that those in compatible should salute during its playing, while others should simply stand at attention, men removing their hats. The same code also required that women should identify their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the national anthem, but not if the flag was not nowadays. On December 23, 1942, the law was once again revised instructing men and women to stand up at attention and face up in the direction of the music when it was played. That revision also directed men and women to place their easily over their hearts only if the flag was displayed. Those in uniform were required to salute. On July 7, 1976, the law was simplified. Men and women were instructed to stand up with their hands over their hearts, men removing their hats, irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting. On Baronial 12, 1998, the law was rewritten keeping the aforementioned instructions, but differentiating between "those in uniform" and "members of the Armed Forces and veterans" who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed. Considering of the changes in police over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem, throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attending or with their hands folded in forepart of them during the playing of the Anthem, and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand (or hat) over their heart. Subsequently 9/eleven, the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the national canticle became almost universal.^{[74] [75] [76]}

Since 1998, federal law (viz., the The states Code 36 UsaC. § 301) states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present including those in uniform should stand at attention; non-war machine service individuals should confront the flag with the right hand over the centre; members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute; military service persons not in compatible should remove their headdress with their correct paw and concord the headdress at the left shoulder, the mitt being over the centre; and members of the War machine and veterans who are in uniform should requite the armed forces salute at the starting time note of the canticle and maintain that position until the last note. The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed, all present should face toward the music and act in the aforementioned manner they would if the flag were displayed. Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the vocal is played and all individuals outside to stand at attending and face the direction of the music and either salute, in compatible, or place the right mitt over the heart, if out of uniform. The law was amended in 2008, and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform, likewise.^{[77] [78]}

The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature. Failure to follow the suggestions is non a violation of the law. This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Subpoena controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance.^[79] For example, Jehovah's Witnesses do not sing the national canticle, though they are taught that standing is an "ethical conclusion" that private believers must make based on their censor.^{[80] [81] [82]}

Translations

Equally a result of immigration to the U.s.a. and the incorporation of non-English-speaking people into the country, the lyrics of the song accept been translated into other languages. In 1861, it was translated into German.^[83] The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish-language version from 1919.^[84] It has since been translated into Hebrew^[85] and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants,^[86] Latin American Spanish (with i version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006),^[87] French by Acadians of Louisiana,^[88] Samoan,^[89] and Irish.^[90] The tertiary poesy of the canticle has also been translated into Latin.^[91]

With regard to the indigenous languages of North America, there are versions in Navajo^{[92] [93] [94]} and Cherokee.^[95]

Protests

1968 Olympics Black Power salute

The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted past African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal anniversary at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City. After having won golden and bronze medals respectively in the 200-meter running outcome, they turned on the podium to face up their flags, and to hear the American national canticle, "The Star-Spangled Banner". Each athlete raised a black-gloved fist, and kept them raised until the canticle had finished. In addition, Smith, Carlos, and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human being rights badges on their jackets. In his autobiography, Silent Gesture, Smith stated that the gesture was not a "Black Power" salute, merely a "human rights salute". The effect is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games.^[96]

Protests against police force brutality (2016–present)

Protests against police brutality and racism by kneeling on ane genu during the national anthem began in the National Football game League afterward San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick knelt during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, in response to police brutality in the United States, earlier his team's third preseason game of 2016. Kaepernick sabbatum during the starting time two preseason games, but he went unnoticed.^[97] In particular, protests focus on the discussion of slavery (and mercenaries) in the third verse of the canticle, in which some have interpreted the lyrics equally condemning slaves that had joined the British in an effort to earn their freedom.^[98] Since Kaepernick'south protestation, other athletes accept joined in the protests. In the 2017 season, after President Donald Trump'southward condemnation of the kneeling, which included calling for complacent players (whom he reportedly also referred to by various profanities)^{[ citation needed ]} to exist fired, many NFL players responded by protesting during the national anthem that week. Afterward the police-involved killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, when the 2020–21 NBA flavor resumed play in July 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of players and coaches kneeled during the national anthem through the end of the season.

California chapter of the NAACP call to remove the national canticle

In November 2017, the California Affiliate of the NAACP called on Congress to remove "The Star-Spangled Imprint" as the national anthem. Alice Huffman, California NAACP president, said: "Information technology'due south racist; it doesn't represent our customs, it'southward anti-blackness."^[99] The third stanza of the canticle, which is rarely sung and few know, contains the words "No refuge could salvage the hireling and slave, from the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave", which some interpret every bit racist. The arrangement was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of its declaration.^{[ citation needed ]}

Media

Encounter too

• In God We Trust
• "God Bless America"

References

1. ^ ^{a b} ""Star-Spangled Banner" Is Now Official Canticle". The Washington Postal service. March 5, 1931. p. three.
2. ^ "Defence of Fort M'Henry | Library of Congress". Loc.gov . Retrieved April 18, 2017.
3. ^ "My state 'tis of thee [Vocal Collection]". The Library of Congress. Retrieved January xx, 2009.
4. ^ Snyder, Lois Leo (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House. p. xiii. ISBN1-55778-167-2.
5. ^ Estrella, Espie (September 2, 2018). "Who Wrote "America the Cute"? The History of America's Unofficial National Anthem". thoughtco.com. ThoughtCo. Retrieved November 14, 2018. Many consider "America the Cute" to exist the unofficial national anthem of the United states. In fact, it was 1 of the songs being considered as a U.S. national anthem before "Star Spangled Banner" was officially called.
6. ^ British Rockets at the United states of america National Park Service, Fort McHenry National Monument, and Historic Shrine. Retrieved February 2008. Archived April 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ "John Wiley & Sons: 200 Years of Publishing – Birth of the New American Literature: 1807–1826". Retrieved April 27, 2018.
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Further reading

• Christgau, Robert (August 13, 2019). "Jimi Hendrix's 'Star-Spangled Imprint' is the anthem nosotros need in the historic period of Trump". Los Angeles Times.
• Ferris, Marc. Star-Spangled Banner: The Unlikely Story of America'south National Canticle. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575
• Leepson, Marc. What Then Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Central, a Life. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373
• Poems of the late Francis S. Primal, esq., author of "The Star Spangled Imprint" ; with an introductory letter of the alphabet by Primary Justice Taney , Published 1857 (The letter from Chief Justice Taney tells us the history behind the writing of the poem written past Francis Scott Key),^[ane]

External links

• "New book reveals the night history behind the Star Spangled Banner", CBS This Morn, September 13, 2014 (via YouTube).
• "Star-Spangled History: 5 Facts About the Making of the National Canticle", Biography.com.
• "'Star-Spangled Banner' author had a complex record on race", Mary Carole McCauley, The Baltimore Lord's day, July 26, 2014.
• "The Man Behind the National Anthem Paid Piffling Attention to It". NPR's Hither and Now, July 4, 2017.
• Star-Spangled Imprint (Retentivity)—American Treasures of the Library of Congress exhibition
• "How the National Canticle Has Unfurled; 'The Star-Spangled Banner' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years" by William Robin. June 27, 2014, The New York Times, p. AR10.
• Goggle box tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star-Spangled Banner showroom—C-Span, American History, May 15, 2014

Historical sound

• "The Star Spangled Imprint", The Diamond Four, 1898
• "The Star Spangled Banner", Margaret Woodrow Wilson, 1915

1. ^ Fundamental, Francis Scott (April 24, 1857). "Poems of the late Francis S. Fundamental, Esq., author of "The Star spangled banner" : with and introductory letter by Chief Justice Taney". New York : Robert Carter & Brothers – via Internet Archive.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner

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